To complete this challenging walk, you will have to use your hands and to be comfortable with heights, but this route offers some of the best rewards in the Lakes. [2] It was operated by a succession of different owners, driving five levels through mostly barren rock to explore three mineral veins. Staying in Thirlmere for a night in the Lakes we thought this walk would be absolutely perfect. [3]:21. [43][44], Above these ignimbrites are found sedimentary rocks of the Esk Pike Sandstone Formation. Mention should be made of the spring located west of the summit. We recommend some homemade, kept nice and warm in one of our, An Teallach, Northwest Highlands, Scotland, Buachaille Etive Mr, Central Highlands, Scotland. Once on the top is was a short walk to the summit on very broad easy paths. This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. In fact lots of dialect terms in use are still quite cognisant with modern-day Scandinavians, especially in Iceland and the Faroe Islands (whose languages, Icelandic and Faroese, are most similar to Old Norse). It zigzags up the fellside above Helvellyn Gill, over Browncove Crags and joins the main ridge at Lower Man. helvellyn pony path 21st May 2022 . Revenue impacts the experiences featured on this page, Fantastic and a real sense of achievement. School is fined 35,000 after teenage pupils had to be rescued from Lake District's Helvellyn mountain in freezing conditions when they were led to summit by untrained teachers Since the end of the last ice age, small populations of arctic-alpine plants have survived in favourable spots on rock ledges high in the eastern coves. is helvellyn harder than snowdon. "ITV's Britain's Favourite Walks: Top 100", "William Wordsworth, Complete Poetical Works", "The Romantics and the myth of Charles Gough", "First Aircraft landing on a mountain in GB", A Guide through the District of the Lakes, "Information for Helvellyn and Fairfield Unit 8", "Helvellyn with Ghosts (1. This starting point is accessible from both Glenridding and Patterdale. Helvellyn is popular with fell walkers but conditions at the summit can be treacherous, even in summer. Helvellyn lies within a geological structure which is interpreted as evidence of a volcanic caldera. However, good navigation skills are still needed and we . Hole-in-the-Wall used to be a prominent gap in the stone wall on the top of the ridge where a gate was missing. The path took us from there along the bottom of the hill about 2 miles to the car park - a little bit of a rough, uneven path through the ferns which felt like quite a slog and tiring at the end of the walk).We picked the perfect day and were so lucky. [3] In the nineteenth century a leat was constructed to direct the water of this spring into the gill to its north to serve the needs of the Helvellyn Mine further down. The man left home at two in the morning, rode to Glencoyne and left his horse at a house in the valley there. Working alternate weeks, one of these walks up Helvellyn each day during that period to check the weather, snow and walking conditions. Two unsuccessful attempts to find lead ore in economic quantities on Helvellyn have been made. Sheep, including our beloved Herdwick, have grazed the land around the mountain for centuries; first as visiting summer flocks when transhumance was more common, then as more permanent flocks when sheep farmers and shepherds settled the Lake District from the Viking-era onwards. To compare, the mountains in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, such as those around Torridon or in the Assynt, sit on a bed of Lewisian gneiss that is roughly 3.02.7 billion years old! [13] Over the August Bank Holiday weekend in 2017, Patterdale Mountain Rescue attended a fatal fall from Striding Edge on the Saturday and helped rescue a seriously injured walker and his dog on the Sunday.[14][15]. Whilst local farmers and shepherds have known, loved, and worked around the mountain for many centuries. The walk from here to the top was just over two miles up a zig zag path which was really well looked after and good to walk on. A map of 1823 called it Strathon Edge. Which is harder Crib Goch or Striding Edge? Height 3117 feet, 950 metres. Industrie | automobile | Travaux. Climb time: 3 1/2 to 5 1/2 hours dep on routes and fitness. [42]:233 Periglacial processes in seasonal freeze-thaw conditions, both present and past, have produced sorted stone stripes and solifluction lobes and sheets on the summit ridge of Helvellyn. Probably goes without saying but sturdy walking boots required. The ascent to Helvellyn will take you scrambling up the Striding Edge and to go down, you will descend the Swirral Edge. Super views and an amazing experience especially if you are as lucky as we were to have a clear day. Several possible routes begin at Wythburn church. Probably goes without saying but sturdy walking boots required. The north-west ridge continues from Lower Man over Browncove Crags, becoming almost insignificant when it reaches the shore of Thirlmere, yet still separating the valley of Helvellyn Gill from the reservoir, before finally rising again to the wooded height of Great How at its terminus. This marks the start of the scramble up on Striding Edge towards the summit of Helvellyn. This walk takes you to the top of the following hills: Striding Edge, Helvellyn, Catstye Cam, and Birkhouse Moor; and includes 1 Furth, 3 Wainwrights, 3 Hewitts, 4 Nuttalls, 3 Birketts, 1 Marilyn, 1 HuMP, and 1 County Top - Historic . North of Mines Gill are the Helvellyn Screes, a more craggy stretch of hillside, beneath the north-west ridge, with a loose scree covering in places. Attempts on 15 December and on 21 December were abandoned. Its summit is small compared to the plateau of Helvellyn, but it offers better views to the north-west, as the ground falls steeply away from it on that side. The length of Crib Goch is approx 200m compared to smaller approx length of under 100m Striding Edge. From here the initial part of the ridge is relatively rounded and has a solid path running along the right-hand side. [needs update]. [3] At this point the ridge connects with the main Helvellyn massif. Had to be pushing 50mph constant!! Leave a comment below, or join the flock on our Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (or email us, old school). This was hard on the knees, and pretty steep at the latter stages. That may sound pretty old but in geological terms Helvellyn is a youngster. For those not up on their Lake District lore, Mickledore is a narrow 2755ft ridge connecting the mountains of Scafell and Scafell Pike. Incorporating the south ridge in the route can restore much of the scenic interest. The Fell Top Assessors measure temperature, wind chill, wind speed, snow depth and condition, as well as usual weather observations. Gets busy, but worth the effort. She also mentioned three routes from the west: one by Grisedale Tarn, one from the Nag's Head at Wythburn, "the shortest, but by far the steepest," and a third from Legburthwaite (that is, from the inn at Thirlspot. These rare species include the Downy Willow (Salix lapponum), Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala), the Alpine Mouse-ear (Cerastium alpinum), and Alpine Meadowgrass (Poa alpina). More than 9,000 civilians, including 453 children, have been killed in Ukraine since Russia's full-scale invasion began last February, Andriy Yermak, head of the Ukrainian presidential staff . It can be combined with a scramble on Eagle Crag, or this part can be bypassed by taking the path to Nethermost Cove before joining the ridge. We started our walk from the Swirls Car Park (usually a pay and display but was not charging the day we visited - hurrah). We rode up on MTB bikes and rode down. Would 100% do this walk again, and maybe try a different route via Striding Edge. The deep coves on the rocky eastern side of Helvellyn drain into Ullswater. Helvellyn is the third-highest point both in England and in the Lake District, and access to Helvellyn is easier than to the two higher peaks of Scafell Pike and Scafell. Greater than 40 km: Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. The walk from here to the top was just over two miles up a zig zag path which was really well looked after and good to walk on. My son and I did this mountain from the trail that starts behind a church. Training to climb Snowdon is important. It is reputed to never dry up even in drought. This is a mountain bike route of 13 miles over Helvellyn, in the Lake District, on the highest bridleway in England.It climbs Sticks Pass and descends Dolywagon Pike and Grisedale. The weather in the morning wasnt wonderful during our drive up from home, however, we arrived at 9.45am and it didnt take long for the glorious sunshine to come out!Starting at Swirls car park its 2 miles to the top, we returned down the same route (which was fairly steep and hard work at the start but became easier towards the top). Helvellyn was one of a small number of nunataks which protruded above the ice. Winds increasing (fresh winds from the NW on Mon night, near gales from the NNW by Wed afternoon). That dam has now gone and the tarn has returned to its natural size. Some of the more well-known visitors of Helvellyn include Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, both genre-defining Romantic poets and local residents. [38] Skylarks (Alauda arvensis) and wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) are frequently encountered. If your fitness isn't great then it's going to be a challenge. If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. Walkers can choose between many routes. Paying by card or phone is not an option at the moment. . Few peaks in the Lake District capture the imagination and awe quite like Helvellyn. We stopped on the way up for water and at the top for lunch, but our moving time was about 3 and a half hours. The dam in Keppel Cove is still in place, but water now leaks through its base. Its more modern-day shapes and forms are heavily attributed to glaciation, back when the whole of North England was covered in an ice sheet around 28,00014,700 years BP (before present). The view is spectacular with sheep roaming around making you feel kinda clumsy! If you start in Llanberis at 110m above sea level, the height gain is 990m and the distance is 7.3km each way. The Lake District offers many claims to fame. Apart from our beloved Herdwick sheep there are lots of birds who frequent the mountain, including Ravens (Corvus corax), Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus), Buzzards (Buteo buteo), Ring Ouzels (Turdus torquatus), Skylarks (Alauda arvensis), and Wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe). To the west the ground drops gently at first but then more steeply down to Thirlmere, while on the eastern side three deep glacial coves, each backed by high cliffs, are separated by two spectacular sharp ridges or artes. The lowest part of the formation here is the densely welded lapilli-tuff of the Thirlmere Member, in which the individual pieces of semi-molten lava were flattened under the weight of deposits above them. Dorothy recorded that it had been a glorious day. The views are stunning and it was good to watch people walking along Striding Edge (my partner would be happy to walk along there but it looked terrifying to me so I was really glad that we had found a route that avoided this). Helvellyn is a mountain in the English Lake District, and lies between Ullswater, Thirlmere and Grasmere and to the north of Ambleside. Snowdon is hidden by the Coniston Fells, and the Isle of Man is largely hidden behind the Great Gable and Pillar group of fells.[26]. The view is spectacular with sheep roaming around making you feel kinda clumsy! Old Norse is where we get words like fell (from fjall, meaning mountain), dale (from dalr, meaning valley), and foss/force (from fors, meaning waterfall). More recent glaciation, occurring around 12,65011,550 years BP, gouged out the coves and glaciated valleys to the north and east of Helvellyns summit, including the beloved Grisedale and Glenridding valleys, as well as Helvellyns two famous artes: Striding Edge and Swirral Edge. He returned by a different route, reaching Glencoyne ten hours after leaving it. During the last ice age these rocks were carved by glaciers to create the landforms seen today. We stopped on the way up for water and at the top for lunch, but our moving time was about 3 and a half hours. The earliest known record of the name dates from 1577, but early records are spelling variations of the modern name (such as Helvillon, Helvelon or Hell Belyn) rather than any help with the etymology. In January 2018 Helvellyn was named 'Britain's Best Walk'[10] in an ITV show presented by Julia Bradbury. [28], A few days later William Wordsworth with his brother John and their friend Mr Simpson made a trip up Helvellyn, setting out after breakfast and returning home at ten that evening. In suitable weather a more interesting and scenic route is to follow the edge of the crags as closely as possible, over the tops of Dollywagon Pike, High Crag and Nethermost Pike.[3]. The results are seen in moraines of unsorted boulder gravel in the valleys, the spectacular coves with steep headwalls, and the sharp artes formed where the rock was eroded on both sides between adjacent glaciers. [43][44], During the Late Devensian glaciation, which occurred 28,000 to 14,700 years Before Present (BP), the whole of northern England was covered by an ice sheet. The scenery includes three deep glacial coves and two sharp-topped ridges on the eastern side (Striding Edge and Swirral Edge). Scafell Pike has the . The scenery includes three deep glacial coves and two sharp-topped ridges on the eastern side (Striding Edge and Swirral Edge). It took us around 1 hr 40 mins. Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales and higher than any peak in England. [11], From Thirlspot two routes lead up Helvellyn. John Keats speaks of Wordsworth "on Helvellyn's summit, wide awake" in a sonnet that celebrates the poet and other artists. Helvellyn was voted the 2nd most popular peak in the UK, behind Tryfan in Snowdonia, Wales, according to Trail Magazine and its readers. Difficulty Rating: To complete this challenging walk, you will have to use your hands and to be comfortable with heights, but this route offers some of the best rewards in the Lakes. The mountain has two tops, which used to be distinguished as Helvellyn Low Man (or Lower Man) and Helvellyn High Man (or Higher Man). Trail is easy to follow and well maintained. If conditions change for the worst, or you don't feel confident scrambling in exposed conditions, there is no shame in turning back. The mountain is gorgeous and stunning. Another Romantic artist heavily associated with Helvellyn is painter Charles Gough. Had to be pushing 50mph constant!! Mineral veins, some with deposits of the lead ore galena, do exist within Helvellyn's rocks, but attempts to find sufficient quantities of lead to be worth mining have not been successful. Yet all these records and facts omit what is arguably the Lake Districts most popular fell to climb: Helvellyn. Helvellyn Photo credit: Diana Elevation: 3117 ft Difficulty: Walk up Best months to climb: April, May, June, July, August, September, October Convenient center: Keswick Update info or location Mountain missing? In that context Helvellyn is beautiful but asRead More From here we took the opportunity do divert to Nethermost Pike and Dollywaggon Pike (again, quick and easy) and then our route back over Helvellyn and on to Whiteside and Raise before dropping down via Sticks Pass. In terms of UK climbing grades the edge is not technically challenging, but its popularity attracts hill walkers who can be ill-equipped and unprepared for the sudden changes in weather conditions on the fell tops. But when we look at the name Helvellyn it doesnt seem very Norse to us. Is Helvellyn hard to climb? It took us about 1:45 to go up and half that coming back. The view is spectacular with sheep roaming around making you feel kinda clumsy! In terms of the British Isles overall Helvellyn is Britains 343rd highest peak. Visited on a dry day with clear mountain tops. This is the version of our website addressed to speakers of English in United Kingdom. This track, another old pony track, then zigzags up the fellside to join the main ridge path at the col between Raise and White Side. Stannah at Legburthwaite is the starting point for the bridleway to Sticks Pass, from which Helvellyn can be approached along the main ridge track from the north. Its assumed that Gough attempted to traverse Striding Edge and fell to his death. [37], A stone tablet on Helvellyn, 40 yards (37m) south of the shelter, commemorates this landing. Although camping in England is illegal without the permission of the landowner, there is a tradition of wild camping in the Lake District. All the Snowdon routes are well maintained and easy to follow paths. However, traversing the mountain is not without dangers; over the last two hundred years there have been a number of fatalities. The whole of Helvellyn, above the conifer plantations to the west and the intake walls surrounding the valleys of Glenridding and Grisedale to the east, is Open Access land.[2]. "[48] An edge is a steep escarpment, as above. The route traverses the flank of White Side to join the ridge at the col just below Lower Man. A full day's parking is 6.30. In terms of flora, the coves east of Helvellyns summit are known for remnant populations of arctic-alpine plants, which have arguably been there since the last Ice Age. A lot of place names and dialect in the Lake District and North England in general comes from Old Norse, the language of the Vikings. more, 8 Lakes and Magnificent Scenery - Afternoon Half Day Tour. . Fantastic and a real sense of achievement. Among the early visitors to Helvellyn were the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, both of whom lived nearby at one period. The climb wasn't too bad and the views from the top simply amazing. Helvellyn was one of the earliest fells to prove popular with walkers and explorers; beginning especially in the later 18th century. Giving us the meaning pale yellow moorland/upland. You are here: Home 1 / Clearway in the Community 2 / Uncategorised 3 / helvellyn pony path. It is a round trip of 10 miles and took us just shy of 7 hours to complete. The Lake District National Park Authority employs two "Fell top assessors" during the winter months, usually between December and March. Location NY 341151, Latitude 54.527232, longitude -3.016054. Helvellyn. How hard is Helvellyn? Other routes from Wythburn follow Comb Gill or Whelpside Gill, or Middle Tongue between these two gills. This is Helvellyn the easy way, that is if a couple of hours of solid ascent on engineered paths can be described as easy! Please send your completed forms in one package to: ESS - NJ Operations 800 Kings Highway North Suite 405 & 410 Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 Find news and information about our government and learn more about our programs and services. Helvellyn is a wonderful mountain, a huge throne of stone carved by glaciers, but the Lake District's third-highest peak is yet another victim of the honeypot effect. Head to the far left-hand corner of Swirls car park. To understand you have to put yourself in the mindset of shepherds a thousand years ago. Some, led by the present spelling, possibly wrongly thought the final syllable was the Welsh word llyn, "lake"[48] which has various historic spellings including 'lin' and 'lynn'. There are in fact five ridges that radiate out from Helvellyn's summit, but Striding Edge is perhaps the most well-known and notorious. Perhaps its because of the summits ridiculously expansive views. we did this walk from glenridding car parkit costs 8 as it is about a 7hr walkthe best route is to the right hand corner of the car park through the village bear left across a bridge through a camp site and straight up its very steep for about 90 mins (you can bear right after the village is not as steep but is prob 3 times longer to base of peak and more gruelling ) at top you reach a plateau from which you can see striding edge and peak i found striding edge and peak more challenging than expectedand would advise anyone not completly steady on their feet and agile to take the path just before striding edge on the right leading to the red tarnat bottom on way back you have a choice to go over bridge and down atarmac road back to the car park or stay on a fairly flat path alongside the hill which leads back to campsite and is more senichave fun is a great walk and deffinitly tested my head for heights. 3. Base point: Nant Peris / Llanberis Accommodation: Camping / YHA / B&B to suit Price per person: 254 guiding only Private bookings can be taken to lead individuals and private groups on this guided walk from 135 per day. [33] A memorial stone to Gough was erected on Helvellyn in 1890 and quotes part of Wordsworth's poem "Fidelity". From here we took the opportunity do divert to Nethermost Pike and Dollywaggon Pike (again, quick and easy) and then our route back over Helvellyn and on to Whiteside and Raise before dropping down via Sticks Pass. We started our walk from the Swirls Car Park (usually a pay and display but was not charging the day we visited - hurrah). Descenders Descenders is extreme downhill free riding for the modern era, with procedurally generated worlds, and where mistakes have . Advertisement Depending on the route you take, Helvellyn can be a potentially dangerous climb. Even experienced fell walkers and mountain climbers have come a cropper on Striding Edge before now. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Recent place-name studies have accepted the "yellow moorland" derivation, but have struggled to understand how Helvellyn can be regarded as a yellow mountain. Is Scafell Pike harder than Snowdon? Once on the top is was a short walk to the summit on very broad easy paths. Again, this formation is confined to the limits of the caldera, and represents another return to erosion and sedimentary deposition within a caldera lake, though with layers of pyroclastic rock showing that the volcanism had not entirely finished. Visited on a dry day with clear mountain tops. Only a few hundred tons of galena came out of the mine; probably insufficient to cover its costs. To start the walk, parking can be found at Glenridding (///classmate.shaves.accented). Windy at the top! Striding Edge is a notorious accident spot among hikers and scramblers. Scafell Pike Mountain: Harder than Snowdon - See 546 traveller reviews, 942 candid photos, and great deals for Seathwaite, UK, at Tripadvisor. People who relied on the system of transhumance for their livelihood gained the ability to assess the nutritional value of upland grasses from a distance before moving their stock to a summer shieling, and used appropriate colour terms for grasses which would become progressively more green as the spring advanced. Initial newspaper reports that the dog had survived by eating the remains of her dead master were quickly forgotten. Helvellyn: Amazing Views - See 310 traveler reviews, 580 candid photos, and great deals for Lake District, UK, at Tripadvisor. Action & adventure. principles of language teaching ppt; best hvac systems 2020 consumer reports Few peaks in the Lake District capture the imagination and awe quite like Helvellyn. The climb up or down from the summit plateau onto Swirral Edge is another well known accident spot. There are six main walking paths to the 1,085m summit of Snowdon, which all start from different sides of the mountain. The spectacular ridge walk across Striding Edge can be exposed and hazardous in bad weather conditions, and it can catch novice climbers out. It's certainly the most popular: make the traverse on a fine summer's day and you'll find yourself in a queue of like-minded adventure seekers, all making the same slow-paced 650m journey. For example, in Scottish Gaelic the spectrum of colours was "pastel rather than primary, gentle rather than bold. Once we realised there might not actually be any visible sign of a path we were fine, we just followed the paths on the map regardless and made it back down. Helvellyn: Loved this Mountain more than Snowdon - See 311 traveler reviews, 584 candid photos, and great deals for Lake District, UK, at Tripadvisor. bo scaife net worth; paul buchanan new album 2020. how to lay down concrete foundation for a navajo hogan; death in paradise season 4 episode 4 cast; how do we use solids in everyday life; Streams on the west side drain directly into Thirlmere, apart from Helvellyn Gill which flows into a parallel valley to the east of Great How and empties into St John's Beck. Climbing Scafell Pike is a serious undertaking and should not be underestimated. Striding Edge (Helvellyn) Another classic grade one scramble, Striding Edge is the most dramatic way of reaching the summit of Helvellyn. [45], Helvellyn Mine or Wythburn Mine opened in 1839 by the gill between Whelpside and Helvellyn Screes. Sometimes the path became more obvious further on, but not always. is helvellyn harder than snowdon Helvellyn in the Lake District . We can add it! Guidebook writers before 1860 refer only to Keppel Cove Tarn to the north of Swirral Edge.[8]. Layers of tuff and lapilli-tuff indicate some ongoing volcanism. Swirls is the start of the most direct route to the top of Helvellyn, "the modern pedestrian highway"[6] which has been paved where necessary. Once you reach the Hole-in-the-Wall, which is named rather literally, climb over the stile. Snowdon Summit 7 day weather forecast including weather warnings, temperature, rain, wind, visibility, humidity and UV. In former times this knoll used to be known as Helvellyn High Man (or Higher Man. The highest point, 950m (3,120ft) above sea level, is the top of a small rocky knoll, marked by a loose cairn. Windy at the top! Like much of the main ridge of the range, Helvellyn stands on the watershed between Thirlmere and the Derwent river system to the west, and Ullswater and the Eden river system to the east.[2]. [43][44], The highest surviving rocks on Helvellyn, found on the summit plateaux of Helvellyn itself and of Nethermost Pike, and along the crest of Striding Edge, are the volcaniclastic sandstones of the Deepdale Sandstone Formation. Cross the footbridge and bear right through the wooden gate. How hard is Scafell Pike? Snowdon (Yr Wydffa) is the highest mountain in Wales and is located in the Snowdonia National Park. Samuel Taylor Coleridge did a lot of fellwalking during the years when he lived near Keswick. Probably goes without saying but sturdy walking boots required. Which is harder Ben Nevis or Snowdon? [47]:396 The first reference to Striding Edge was by Walter Scott in 1805 as Striden-edge. Starting from Glenridding car park you have three routes, one that takes you up via Swirral Edge, one over the famous Striding Edge (or you can do both as a circular route) and there's the longer Pony Pass. It is unclear whether there ever was a natural tarn in Brown Cove. Jonathan Otley's guidebook of 1823 described the view from the summit and claimed it gave a more complete view of the Lake District than any other point. It's a little over 950 m with about a 700 m prominence, mostly over well maintained paths and steps. [6] The shortest route of all follows the gill past the old lead mine, perhaps better used as a descent. Kept chilled in one of our, A tasty treat for once you reach the top and a well deserve energy boost! So, Ben Nevis is about one third bigger than Snowdon if you walk the Llanberis path. [47]:396 Swirrel, a dialect variation of "swirl" has two possible explanations. Wainwright warned walkers with weak ankles to avoid it.[3]. After about a mile, as you're heading into Patterdale village, you'll see a sign and turning for "Lane to GRISEDALE" (///sailors.shipyards.sweeper). Small cirque and valley glaciers formed in north and east facing valleys, including Grisedale and the coves on the east side of Helvellyn. [45] The narrow leat which once diverted water from Brownrigg Well into the gill beside the mine may also be seen, much higher up the fellside. The north ridge, the main ridge of the range, also descends from Lower Man, passing over White Side and Raise to Sticks Pass, then over Stybarrow Dodd and Great Dodd to terminate at Clough Head. Would 100% do this walk again, and maybe try a different route via Striding Edge. If there is a lot of water vapour, the humidity will be high. helvellyn pony path maine high school baseball rankings May 21, 2022. send money inmate santa rita jail . Helvellyn is part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group of rocks, and was initially formed as a result of a volcanic caldera (a caldera is a large volcanic crater, usually formed by a major eruption that collapses the mouth of the volcano).
